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They’re fabricated from ceramic/crystalline materials like quartz or certain polymers. To enhance properties, domains are preferentially aligned via poling treatments with strong electric fields during manufacture. Electrodes typically made of metallic/conductive material then transfer generated voltages in sensor mode or apply electric signals in actuator mode.
The piezo element is packaged with electrical connections to integrate into the target device efficiently. Performance tuning for factors like sensitivity, capacitance, frequency response and displacement range allow tailoring for different applications.
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